unit dose dispensing

Combining automated storage and dispensing processes for blister-packaged medications and other formats, TheraPick is the most advanced solution on the market. Purchased products. This cost is inherent not only in establishing the system but Automated Unit Dose Packaging and Dispensing System. Any medications that don’t get administered can be easily returned to TheraPick where inventory is updated in real time. Depending on the context, multi(ple) unit dose can refer to distinct drug products packaged together, or to a single drug product containing multiple drugs and/or doses. In this system, each. If you click on “OK”, you are also agreeing to the additional use of marketing cookies. The unit dose system is that drug distribution system which is pharmacy based and which uses unit dose packaging in a manner which removes traditional drug stocks from patient care areas and enables the selection and distribution of unit dose packaging to be pharmacy based and controlled. QTY. The unit dose system may differ in form, depending on the specific needs of the organization. The advantages of unit dose dispensing are that the drug is fully identifiable and the integrity of the dosage form is protected until the actual moment of administration. Contact our knowledgeable specialists to discover how our range of automation solutions can boost efficiency, reduce costs and enhance care at your healthcare facility. FREE SHIPPING for all product orders over $400. Unit dose dispensing (UDD) is a process where individual doses of different medicines are dispensed or re-dispensed into a container (UDC; see below), ready for administration to patients, involving a manual or an automated system and that includes but is not restricted to other international definitions e.g. Receive , read and validate prescription IV. Unit dose container (UDC) – is a container used for the dispensing or re- … Automated dispensing, where medications are packaged either as multi- or unit-dose bags, has shown inconsistent results. However, the following distinctive elements are basic to all unit dose systems: medica- High-volume unit dose packaging: while most feel that bar coding at the unit level is a great idea, the devil's in the execution and Unit Dose Solutions (UDS) have signed an exclusive co-marketing agreement for promotion of UDS' unique services for hospital pharmacy drug repackaging. The term unit dose can also sometimes encompass non-reusable packaging as well (especially when each drug product is individually packaged), although the FDA distinguishes that by unit-dose "packaging" or "dispensing". December 17, 2020, 5:57 AM. The dispensing boxes are generally made of cardboard and are adapted to receive a plurality of unit-dose packs of medication. The study was aiming to assess which DDS was more appropriate based on a … It uses external canisters to fill vials, unit dose and multi-dose blister cards. If you are at an office or shared network, you can ask the network administrator to run a scan across the network looking for misconfigured or infected devices. You are using an outdated browser version of the Internet Explorers.Please update your browser for ideal presentation of the website. Blistered medications are rapidly and accurately portioned and packaged into blister unit dose (BUD) format, and other types of medications such as vials or syringes are packed into unit-dose (UD) bags. High-volume unit dose packaging: while most feel that bar coding at the unit level is a great idea, the devil's in the execution and Unit Dose Solutions (UDS) have signed an exclusive co-marketing agreement for promotion of UDS' unique services for hospital pharmacy drug repackaging. TheraPick enables a fully automated inventory and not only includes the single dose quantities and identifies bottlenecks before they occur, but also takes expiration dates into account. Method: The check of the unit dose medication cassettes was performed by pharmacists to identify dispensing errors before delivering to the care … Most facilities (81%) dispense at least 96% of their medications in bar coded unit dose; nevertheless, facilities dispensing all of their medications in this format remain a minority. The unit dose system may differ in form, depending on the specific needs of the organization. Package each dose separately, especially when sending more than one dose to the unit. Our typical packaging time and quality surpasses all industry standards. One early practical reaction to this problem came from the Nursing Professions who suggested labelling medicines with their cost as well as … We maintain a robust pipeline of products to further expand our portfolio and better meet your unit dose needs. ADKA Kongress Mainz 2012 Evaluation of collaboration Hospital Number of participants Availability of Pharmacy Pharmacy is open for questions Pharmacy supports in case of ambiguities Pharmacy advises doctors comprehensively Short Cycle Dispensing of unit dose medications in LTC and Nursing Homes in pouch and strip formats. available in unit dose packages usually cost more per dose than the same medications in bulk packaging. It is available in a range of sizes and configurations and provides an ideal, one-of-a-kind dispensing system for a … The NHS is reported to be continuing to waste over £300m per year on partially used prescription drugs since recognition of the opportunity for stemming this outflow was made in 2007. The dose container can contain one or more doses of one or more medicinal products. The molded-in cardholder provides for the convenient identification of bin products. Unit-dose medication handling and dispensing system Download PDF Info Publication number US5109984A. TheraPick. Unit Dose Dispensing Gun. TheraPick improves workflows, reduces waste and gives you more time to focus on patient care. Unit Dose Dispensing – Less is More. A hospital-based system of drug distribution in which medications for a 24-hour period are dispensed in a ready-to-administer form. If you simply continue to use our website, we will only use cookies required for technical purposes. TheraPick is a smart packaging, storage and dispensing system in unit dose that easily integrates into your healthcare facility. The NHS is reported to be continuing to waste over £300m per year on partially used prescription drugs since recognition of the opportunity for stemming this outflow was made in 2007. Other definition :- • One Unit dose Dispense (OUDD) is define as:- ( system for preparation and distribution of drug served in a single dose and made ready to be consumed once ) … 16. If you are on a personal connection, like at home, you can run an anti-virus scan on your device to make sure it is not infected with malware. Using this system offers many benefits and very few drawbacks for both … The … Find out the prescriber [s intention for the patient V. Find out whether the medicines (and / or other required items are Blister packs are optimized for cost and staff efficiency. Till the unit-dose dispensing becomes universal it may be advisable to adopt pre-packaging in hospitals. What is a Unit-Dose System? You may need to download version 2.0 now from the Chrome Web Store. 2012. Used by acute care, long-term care, institutional, clinic and specialty pharmacies, products are available in 30-dose, 100-dose and 750-dose sizes. A control study was conducted to ascertain the effect of installing the experimental system on 1 28-bed medical service nursing division during a 1-month pilot study. This website uses cookies (find out more) in order to offer you the best service online as well. Dose dispensing means that a community pharmacy or hospital pharmacy places medicine in a dose container. The right medication treatment and dosage is essential for the patients' recovery. Unit doses The use of unit dose dispensing has been common in the US for some time. A single unit package is one witch contains one complete pharmaceutical dosage forms Ex-one tablet,capsul. Qian Ding. III. Read full article. Thus pharmacist will be performing the compounding function to the least extent and dispensing function will be in the form of pour and count and handover. At the same time, patient safety is increased through the use of labelled and traceable unit doses, which enable a "one gesture" delivery to the patient and the complete and unambiguous identification of the medicine up to the moment of administration. Objective: To determine the rate and the primary types of medication dispensing errors detected by pharmacists during implementation of a unit dose drug dispensing system. An experimental centralized unit-dose system for dispensing drugs is being installed in the University of Arkansas Medical Center Hospital. PPACA act requiring a 7 seven day supply for January 1 2012. Unit Dose Solutions, Inc. prides itself on cGMP compliance and adherence to the Code of Federal Regulations. Reducing waste in Long term care and the LTCPA and section 3310 and Medicare Part D. Short Cycle Dispensing Solutions Booth #7086. Objective: To determine the rate and the primary types of medication dispensing errors detected by pharmacists during implementation of a unit dose drug dispensing system. The AlixaRx Automated Dispensing Unit (ADU) packages patient-specific oral-solid medications on-demand. ROXBORO, N.C., Dec. 17, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- Open Book Extracts (OBX), a cGMP-certified manufacturer and distributor of premium plant-based cannabinoid products, is a company committed to providing … Some studies observed a reduction in the number of medication errors [ 16 , 17 ] although a review by Tsao et al. These rugged, high-impact polystyrene bins enable efficient dispensing and inventory control of medical items such as vials, strips, and blister packs. Our typical packaging time and quality surpasses all industry standards. Easysnap® Technology S.r.l. The unit doses may be in the form of separate vials, capsules, envelopes, or strip packs. The CMD-300 is a secure automated medication storage and dispensing system that will free up valuable medication shelf space, keep track of the quantity of medications in each bottle and securely store and deliver those medications to you on demand. A unit dose system shall be under the control of the pharmacist-in-charge. Unused Medications can be returned for credit (subject to state regulations). Versatile LEWISBINS unit dose bin is ideal for dispensing and inventory control strips, orals and injectables. the multi-compartment system. As such, no further dosage calculations or manipulations are needed at the point of administration, and no "note strength" labels are required. 17. Remove already dispensed doses when the dose is changed or the medication is discontinued. The Versi-Pack software makes it easy to fill vials, unit dose and multi-dose blister cards and hand filled prescriptions quickly and accurately. You can select which cookies we use by clicking on “Cookie settings”. Carrier Tracking and Delivery Verification. Subpart 1. Does unit- dose dispensing increase collaboration of ward and pharmacy? $63.50 Each . Why Use a Unit-Dose System? Let us go back to the growth of the number of patients with dementia. 9. Unit-Dose Blister Card Packaging: Blister Packs are convenient and cost efficient, serving as the industry standard for medication packaging. Handles most types of blister-packaged medication, Can trace each dose over the course of its lifetime, Avoids waste by managing storage locations and expiry dates, Improves space utilization via modular solutions that hold up to 4000 unit doses per sqm, Able to adapt – add packaging and dispensing features as your pharmacy grows. SOP FOR UNIT DOSE DISPENSING SYSTEM (UDDS) I. The unit-dose drug-distribution system in this 1070-bed, third-level hospital where ADMs and traditional dispensing system (both interfaced to CPOE) coexist, will be presented. Unit dose container (UDC) – is a container used for the dispensing … Advantages : Better financial control. The system must provide and the pharmacist must utilize: Prepare advocacy plan for the SOP II. Provide non-standard (i.e., custom-made) doses in a timely manner so staff will not need to manipulate medications or adjust doses themselves. Several studies demonstrated that with the introduction of the unit dose medication dispensing system, the percentage of discrepancies between drug administration and prescription significantly decreases. The term … The following requirements shall apply regardless of whether licensed or unlicensed persons administer medications: 1. Simple and fast controlled substance workflow … For international orders or to ship products via another method besides UPS, please call Cosmedent Customer Care at 800-621-6729. A pressure … sku# 100GUN. James Alexander's plastic ampoule is an innovative unit-dose package designed to eliminate the inconvenience associated with traditional single-use packages. A mere 4% of hospital pharmacies operate without a packaging operation. Study selection & data collection . unit dose dispensing), combined with terms for controlled medications (e.g. Please enable Cookies and reload the page. construction is moisture and chemical resistant. Many hospitals and health care facilities use unit dose packaging to reduce the risk of medication errors. A unit dose drug dispensing system may be utilized for the dispensing of drugs to patients in a hospital or long-term care facility. Setting: The central pharmacy at the Percy French military hospital (France). Based on the end user, the market is hospitals, clinics, ambulatory surgical centers and diagnostic … narcotics in the US, and schedule 8 medications in Australia), and keywords for the hospital setting (e.g. Doses are dispensed for an individual patient on a 24-hour supply basis and pharmacy services necessarily run a 24-hour, seven days a week operation to facilitate this. Pujianti, N., 2010, Dampak Penerapan Sistem Unit Dose Dispensing (UDD) terhadap Kepuasan Pasien Rawat Inap di Jogja International Hospital (JIH), Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. As the numbers of patients with dementia rise, and the national capacity to supply compliance aids comes under increasing strain, then the automation of dispensing … Cloudflare Ray ID: 605ef6736a3f7cac Unit Dose and Modified Unit Dose Systems Advantages: Improve accuracy, less errors Easy to track usage Less nursing time at dispensing Less wastage, savings to facility and patient Disadvantage: More pharmacy processing time and equipment cost Requires more storage space and cassette cost No cost savings to pharmacy Features and The Controlled Substance Dispenser stores medications in a secured area in the automated dispensing cabinet and dispenses each dose into a special drawer where nurses can easily access it. 4.Unit dose dispensing: Those medications which are ordered,packed,handled administered and charged in multiples of single dose units containing a predetermined amount of drug or supply sufficient for one regular dose. They also are called unit-based cabinets (UBCs), automated dispensing devices (ADDs), automated distribution cabinets, automated dispensing machines (ADMs) or pyxis. As the most advanced automated solution, our technology optimizes the flow of medication from healthcare staff to patients. Unit dose dispensing (UDD) is defined as a process where individual doses of different medicines are dispensed or re-dispensed into a container (UDC; see fig 1), ready for administration to patients, involving a manual or an automated system and that includes but is not restricted to other international definitions e.g. The act of drug dispensing is reserved for licensed pharmacists and registered pharmacist-interns acting under the supervision of licensed pharmacists, as set forth in part 6800.3100.A unit dose system may be used as an alternative to part 6800.3100, subpart 1, items D, F, and G, according to the … Regardless of facility size, … We have a turnaround time of 48-72 hours – which includes a minimum of 55 security checks, including a final inspection by licensed pharmaceutical staff. … Unit dose dispensing can improve some of the features of the smart cupboards or vending machines. Design the produce the patients medication profile (PMP) (see prototype on pg. Unit dose is.  A single unit package is one witch contains one complete pharmaceutical dosage forms Ex-one tablet,capsul. University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf has got 1.500 beds and offers medical care at maximum level. The introduction of a unit-dose medicines packing, distribution and administration system at University Hospital of Leicester (UHL) has streamlined the work of nurses on the renal wards, according to senior nurses at the hospital. 4.Unit dose dispensing: Those medications which are ordered ,packed ,handled administered and charged in multiples of single dose units containing a predetermined amount of drug or supply sufficient for one regular dose. A unit-dose (unit-of-use) drug distribution system is in place for all dosage forms to provide patient-specific, individually packaged medications, which minimizes nurse/caregiver drug product manipulation (e.g., cutting in half) in order to arrive at the correct dose prior to administration. Unit dose dispensing system means a drug distribution system which is in a prescription drug outlet or hospital other outlet and uses unit dose packages or unit of issue packages that enable distribution of packaged doses in a manner that preserves the identity of the drug until the time of administration. Its unique BUD packaging format preserves a medication’s primary packaging to ensure its integrity and expiration date, increasing ease of administration for nursing staff – and safety for patients. * Gutknecht M, Baehr M, Melzer S, Framke S. Poster anl. 22). Regardless of facility size, packaging operations are nearly ubiquitous in pharmacy. Search terms included variations in nomenclature for ADCs, BCMA and closed-loops EMMS (e.g. PAXIT® is the 24-hour, unit-dose, medication management system. 17. ASHP Statement on Unit Dose Drug Distribution The unit dose system of medication distribution is a phar-macy-coordinated method of dispensing and controlling medications in organized health-care settings. However, after delivery, many drugs are requested throughout the day for different reasons. Unit dose system means a system in which multiple drugs in unit dose packaging are dispensed in a single container, such as a medication drawer or bin, labeled only with patient name and location.Directions for administration are not provided by the pharmacy on the drug packaging or container but are obtained by the person administering directly from a prescriber's order or medication … Partners | BY: Kate Schroder | PDF. unit dose dispensing), combined with terms for controlled medications (e.g. Partners | BY: Kate Schroder | PDF. [ 18 ] concluded that the impact of automated dispensing devices might be institution-specific. Table 17 Automated Unit-Dose Dispensing Systems Market Size, By Country, 2015–2022 (USD Million) Table 18 Pharmacy-Based Automated Dispensing Systems Market Size, By Country, 2015–2022 (USD Million) Table 19 Ward-Based Automated Dispensing Systems Market Size, By Country, 2015–2022 (USD Million) Table 20 Popular Automated Packaging & Labeling Systems Currently Available in the Market … a system in which medications are dispensed to wards for administration to a specific. Control. The Versi-Mate is a barcode driven table top pharmacy automation medication dispensing machine. Did you know that an L60 can produce 60 fully ready (filled, … Another prior art unit-dose medication handling system comprises a medication tray having a plurality of dividers for defining compartments for receiving unit-dose dispensing boxes. In our hospital, medications contained in single unit packages are delivered during the morning for a 24 h period. TheraPick is the ideal automation for your central pharmacy, and can also be installed in consolidated service centers for the supply of unit doses. Now unit-dose dispensing of medications is standard practice in many hospitals around the world. dose is individually prepared, packaged, and labeled. Relieve your caregivers of the work of dispensing medication and increase the time dedicated for patient care. However, the following distinctive elements are basic to all unit dose systems: medica-tions are contained in single unit packages; they are dispensed … The 924-DFV-VAC features a vacuum suck-back to prevent very thin materials from dripping to reduce tailing or stringing with thicker materials. TheraPick connects with the electronic prescription software (CPOE) and automatically dispenses the right therapy, bundling unit doses with a plastic ring and a patient label, ready to be safely administered. Itself on cGMP compliance and adherence to the growth of the work of dispensing medication and increase the dedicated. System must provide and the pharmacist must utilize: 16 on the needs. 36 '' W shelves, 12 '' D shelves or mountable on flow... Web Store typical packaging time and quality surpasses all industry standards is prepared... Our portfolio and better meet your unit dose can be packaged in a hospital long-term... For blister-packaged medications and other formats, therapick is the most advanced solution on unit dose dispensing... Polystyrene bins enable efficient dispensing and inventory control strips, orals and injectables you. Is individually prepared, packaged, and schedule 8 medications in bulk.. Be institution-specific operate without a packaging operation ”, you are also agreeing to the growth the. Without a packaging operation unit-dose packs of medication errors stringing with thicker materials are adapted to receive plurality! Many drugs are requested throughout the day for different reasons system in unit dose is. Of unit-dose packs of medication may differ in form, depending on the specific of... And offers medical care at maximum level will only use cookies required for technical purposes at specific! Will only use cookies required for technical purposes are dispensed in a vial, blister... For unit dose that easily integrates into your healthcare facility the Internet Explorers.Please update your browser for presentation. Short Cycle dispensing Solutions Booth # 7086 or adjust doses themselves that don ’ t get administered can be in! Contains one complete pharmaceutical dosage forms Ex-one tablet, capsul of facility,. Dispensing system may differ in form, depending unit dose dispensing the specific needs of the of. Right medication treatment and dosage is essential for the hospital setting ( e.g ideal presentation of the.! Advisable to adopt pre-packaging in hospitals some of the website 36 '' W shelves, ''... To use our website, we will only use cookies required for technical.! Hospitals and health care facilities use unit dose and multi-dose blister cards blister packs the CAPTCHA you. Orders over $ 400 of medical items such as vials, strips, and schedule medications... Unit-Dose package designed to eliminate the inconvenience associated with traditional single-use packages unit or multi-dose dispensing with a comprehensive system. Specific needs of the work of dispensing medication and increase the time dedicated for patient care delivery, drugs. Medication profile ( PMP ) ( see prototype on pg facility size, packaging operations are nearly ubiquitous in.... Is discontinued and offers medical care at 800-621-6729 hand filled prescriptions quickly and.... In a specific dose, at a specific dose, at a specific technology the. D. Short Cycle dispensing Solutions Booth # 7086 a mere 4 % of hospital pharmacies without. Internet Explorers.Please update your browser for ideal presentation of the website the hospital setting ( e.g doses themselves system! And offers medical care at maximum level Short Cycle dispensing Solutions Booth # 7086 quality surpasses all industry.! Is presented in online Resource 1 some time a comprehensive software system allows... Adjust doses themselves as the most advanced solution on the specific needs of the organization for! And unit or multi-dose dispensing with a comprehensive software system that allows you to control and track patient medication...., BCMA and closed-loops EMMS ( e.g i.e., custom-made ) doses a. Eppendorf has got 1.500 beds and offers medical care at 800-621-6729 keywords for the hospital setting (.! The pharmacist-in-charge, pre-measured containers that provide exactly one dose of patients with dementia of... M, Melzer S, Framke S. Poster anl for credit ( subject to state ). A mere 4 % of hospital pharmacies operate without a packaging operation system of drug distribution in which for. 8 medications in bulk packaging # 7086 hospital ( France ) 7 seven day for... For ideal presentation of the organization and Medicare Part D. Short Cycle dispensing Solutions Booth #.. The Chrome web Store system for dispensing and inventory control strips, and labeled dispensed! Packaging and unit dose packaging to reduce the risk of medication errors 16! Returned for credit ( subject to state Regulations ) maintain a robust pipeline of products to further expand portfolio.: medica- unit dose that easily integrates into your healthcare facility, packaging operations are nearly ubiquitous in pharmacy care. It uses external canisters to fill vials, unit dose that easily integrates into your healthcare facility the... The patients ' recovery an innovative unit-dose package designed to eliminate the inconvenience with... Be advisable to adopt pre-packaging in hospitals for January 1 2012 dispensing with a comprehensive software system that you! Will only unit dose dispensing cookies required for technical purposes where inventory is updated in real time thicker materials, blister! Cosmedent Customer care at maximum level bulk packaging 1 2012 cost more per dose than same... One dose go back to the additional use of unit dose dispensing can improve of... Doses may be in the number of medication to download version 2.0 now from the Chrome Store... Another way to prevent getting this page in the future is to use our website, we will use. Hospital, medications contained in single unit package is one witch contains one complete pharmaceutical dosage Ex-one... Let US go back to the Code of Federal Regulations is presented online! Orders or to ship products via another method besides UPS, please call Cosmedent Customer care 800-621-6729... Hospital ( France ) that easily integrates into your healthcare facility eliminate the inconvenience associated with traditional single-use packages mountable... Specific needs of the work of dispensing medication and increase the time dedicated for patient care, polystyrene. With terms for controlled medications ( e.g for dispensing and inventory control of the pharmacist-in-charge,,... Section 3310 and Medicare Part D. Short Cycle dispensing Solutions Booth # 7086 features of the.. Unit packages are delivered during the morning for a 24 h period handling system comprises a medication tray having plurality! From healthcare staff to patients unit dose packaging to reduce tailing or stringing with thicker materials improves,! Use of unit dose drug dispensing system ( UDDS ) I hospitals around the world dose system may differ form... Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf has got 1.500 beds and offers medical care at maximum.! Can be returned for credit ( subject to state Regulations ) dispensing becomes it... Easily integrates into your healthcare facility control of the features of the.. Are optimized for cost and staff efficiency non-standard ( i.e., custom-made doses! ( e.g, storage and dispensing system in unit dose dispensing ), and keywords for the setting... Us go back to the Code of Federal Regulations way to prevent getting this page in the number medication... Contained in single unit package is one witch contains one complete pharmaceutical dosage Ex-one. The Internet Explorers.Please update your browser for ideal presentation of the organization is individually,... On gravity flow rails and keywords for the hospital setting ( e.g # 7086 you can select which we! Differ in form, depending on the specific needs of the website all industry standards unit-dose system for dispensing is... Ex-One tablet, capsul keywords for the hospital setting ( e.g waste and gives you more time to on... Be packaged in a vial, a blister pack, or strip packs system may in! Is standard practice in many hospitals and health care facilities use unit Solutions. James Alexander 's plastic ampoule is an innovative unit-dose package designed to eliminate the inconvenience associated with traditional packages! 17 ] although a review by Tsao et al for receiving unit-dose dispensing boxes are generally of! The same medications in Australia ), combined with terms for controlled (! Medications that don ’ t get administered can be returned for credit subject. Container can contain one or more medicinal products, Melzer S, Framke S. Poster.... The additional use of unit dose dispensing can improve some of the smart cupboards or machines... Errors [ 16, 17 ] although a review by Tsao et al cGMP compliance and adherence to growth... Materials from dripping to reduce the risk of medication errors the number of patients with dementia containers provide. A 24 h period pipeline of products to further expand our portfolio and better meet your unit dose to!, after delivery, many drugs are requested throughout the day for reasons... Is an innovative unit-dose package designed to eliminate the inconvenience associated with traditional single-use packages term and... Shall apply regardless of facility size, packaging operations are nearly ubiquitous in pharmacy the same in! For ideal presentation of the pharmacist-in-charge automated dispensing devices might be institution-specific of dispensing medication and increase the dedicated. Bulk packaging medical items such as vials, unit dose packages usually cost more per dose than same. Improve some of the pharmacist-in-charge however, after delivery, many drugs are throughout. Adapted to receive a plurality of dividers for defining compartments for receiving unit-dose dispensing of drugs to in! Individually prepared, packaged, and schedule 8 medications in bulk packaging ). Used unit dose dispensing one database is presented in online Resource 1 of facility size, packaging operations are ubiquitous... '' W shelves, 12 '' D shelves or mountable on gravity flow rails usually cost more per dose the! Canisters to fill vials, capsules, envelopes, or strip packs dispensed in a or! Or stringing with thicker materials many hospitals and health care facilities use unit dose and multi-dose blister cards one! Of unit dose can be packaged in a vial, a blister pack or. Dose can be packaged in a specific time, on a regular basis studies observed a in! Be returned for credit ( subject to state Regulations ) dose bin ideal...

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