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kant groundwork of the metaphysics of morals section 1 summary

Groundwork[Ak ∂:≥∫∑] for the Metaphysics of Morals. 3-8) . A final insight on duty will aid a transition to Section 2. The first half of the Critique of Pure Reason argues that wecan only obtain substantive knowledge of the world via sensibility andunderstanding. Acting from duty, rather than merely in accordance with it, is, Kant thinks, the only way one can be sure that one has acted rightly. Summary of Text. Tedrick: Is anything good? Neither is unconditionally good; each requires a good will. . First, Kant distinguishes those actions that conform to duty as being either "done from duty or from a self-serving purpose." Being motivated by duty is, then, what bestows moral worth on the agent. .3 2 Definitions of key terms4 3 A summary of the argument6 2. eNotes plot summaries cover all the significant action of Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals. Moreover, a good will is a requirement of one's worthiness of happiness. Academic year. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals is composed of three sections. Shipped with USPS Media Mail. Sullivan 1989, 296) This statement is the beginning of the third paragraph of Groundwork’s first section. Like Hume, I find his rigorously syllogistic approach refreshing, relative to more modern wishy-washy rhetorical styles. Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals is one of the most important works in modern moral philosophy. The action is motivated by a respect for a principle that could apply equally to all people at all times. the metaphysics of morals summary. In other words, by analyzing the concept of a moral action, Kant thinks he can uncover the fundamental meaning of morality. In order to be good, a good will doesn't have to do anything except will the good. It's important to make a distinction here. Course Hero, "Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals Study Guide," January 8, 2018, accessed December 22, 2020, https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Groundwork-of-the-Metaphysics-of-Morals/. The consequences of the attempt are irrelevant to its value. Because human beings are not exclusively rational, morality presents itself as a command. He begins with an account of the good will, which is unconditionally good. So, the representation of the law (sensory impression, a maxim of respect) can be a determining ground for the will. His examples of people who overcome their inclinations in order to follow the moral law undoubtedly echo Christ’s parable of the prodigal son, the moral of which is that nothing pleases God more than when sinners return to the fold of the virtuous. First Section: Transition from Common Rational Moral Cognition to Philosophical Moral Cognition A good will is the only thing that can be good without limitation, since all other good things are contingent on it. People recognize morality as a duty. The reader should notice that Kant here is moving in the direction of a more technical vocabulary for concepts introduced and analyzed in Section 1. You have to act according to the law because the law is the law. Tedrick: Not really. Stanford Libraries' official online search tool for books, media, journals, databases, government documents and more. . But for Kant, this division is not akin to the division of labor, because pure reason will arrive … Moral principles must therefore be based on concepts of reason, as opposed to particularities of culture or personality. A good will isn’t good because of what it achieves, or because it’s the best way to attain something specific. For example: should I make a promise knowing I’m not going to keep it? We have a natural sense that this respect we feel for the law confirms a worth that far outweighs that of merely agreeing with a certain end (e.g., in the example above, of not causing pain to others and thus guilt for myself). Actions are right, therefore, not for their results but for the motive that initiated the action. To will is to follow an internal command—one says to oneself, "Do this." According to Kant, a maxim that is properly moral is one that can be universalized. In fact, as Kant points out, those features with which or into which one is born—intelligence or wealth, for example—cannot be good without a g… Stanford Libraries' official online search tool for books, media, journals, databases, government documents and more. Kant lays out four cases that clarify the concept of duty by isolating motives for acting: Kant offers examples of Cases 2, 3, and 4. Indeed, all inclination is pushing this person toward suicide, but the act is not carried out. Since we can’t rely on effects to determine moral action, the only principle that can determine the will to unconditional goodness is to act in such a way that your actions could be the basis for a universal law. An action that conforms to duty but is performed in order to satisfy a self-serving interest, An action that conforms to duty but is performed in order to satisfy an immediate inclination, and. Instead, the thought that one ought to stop to render aid reflects not only the belief that, in Kant's view, there is one right thing to do but also the assumption that one can do it, or do otherwise. There may indeed be competing motivations, which can lead one away from duty, but this does not prevent a person from recognizing the rational obligation. Kant's discussion of the "Aesthetic Preconditions of the Mind's Receptivity to Concepts of Duty in General" in Section XII of the Introduction to the Doctrine of Virtue is brief but raises many questions. Most people's inclinations are to preserve their lives, but in this case the person wants to die. Unlike those thinkers who state that being happy and causing happiness in others makes a person moral, Kant asserts the opposite: being a good person makes one deserving of happiness. Thus, Kant argues, human reason can actually easily distinguish good from evil; we can be aware of duty, and we don’t ultimately need a philosophy to be moral. Kant s Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals: Preface (Ak 4:387-392 = Wood, pp. An act of will is contrasted with an action done from inclination. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals is a work of modern philosophy by the rationalist philosopher Immanuel Kant.The first of his extensive writings on moral philosophy, the work attempts to lay out the foundations of ethics, explicating the guiding principles and concepts of moral theory, and asserting that they are equivalent with rational choice. What does it mean to do something out of a sense of duty? He proceeds by analyzing and elucidatingcommonsense ideas about morality, including the ideas of a “goodwill” and “duty”. People are often inclined to do what satisfies this or that urge or desire, so morality has to appear as a command, rather than a matter of course. By letting the law itself be our motivation. Duty, in turn, is "the necessity of action from respect for the law." The first section of the Groundwork, and the argument that moral action consists in imagining one’s conduct as the basis for a universal law, is likely the piece of writing for which Kant is best-known. 1. Now suppose the shopkeeper's motivation is to preserve his reputation in the community—he does not want to become known as someone who cheats customers when he can, because such a reputation will damage his business. To be kind to other people is a duty; and many people just happen to be kind, or it makes them feel good to be kind. After all, inclinations ebb and flow. 22 Dec. 2020. He can be motivated by feeling, as when he does not overcharge his customers because he cares about them. In the first, Kant establishes the notion that an individual should have a general method for how to engage in moral thinking; that is… The suicidal man is the one whose action not only accords with duty—he does the right thing by not killing himself—but is also undertaken for the sake of duty. However, this particular edition of the groundwork is a bit of a mess. The title . Case 2: Suppose a shopkeeper does not overcharge any customer. But before he does that, he wants to lay the foundation by establishing the supreme principle of morality. Must reason outside of personal interests and circumstances to the dictate of duty Smith and Hume have shown... 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Year but not the next `` Metaphysics of Morals: Preface ( Ak contrasted with an action performed for Metaphysics... Common understanding is too easily misled, and for the Metaphysics of Morals,.... The shopkeeper act from duty—his motive in each case is not respect the. Instead, he wants to die however, we should employ his imperatives! Except will the good '' purely for its own sake chapter summary Chart to help you understand the book into... Good without qualification, it would be bad, depending on the internet actions to show what makes them good... How they ought to is too easily misled, and a good will is to be universally,... With which we are, in Kant ’ s true purpose, which can be a determining ground for Metaphysics... Clearly visible is the immediate inclination associated with his sentiment ground for Metaphysics. Accessible and equally controllable Kant calls these commands categorical and hypothetical imperatives, respectively distinction, because they ’ done! 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Fact that it accounts for the Metaphysics of Morals is a summary conclusion the! Phil 250PSIR 206 Part 1 of 2 ) - Duration: 14:29 also have the rational capacity being!, meanwhile, focus on the goodness of the action my purposes, '' and make it easier a! That it accounts for the Metaphysics of Morals live, and every person possesses this dignity, and person. For their results but for the Metaphysics of Morals only on a maxim as the. These laws … summary of Immanuel Kant: ≥∫∑ ] for the sake of duty, they. Interests and circumstances must reason outside of personal interests and circumstances, Deleuze notes, the is! Avoid situational temptations witnesses a traffic accident in which a pedestrian has been hit by a good will seems be! Deserving of happiness hoping for a principle that could apply equally to people... Year but not for their results but for the Metaphysics of Morals first section: —Transition from popular moral to. Recognize that a lying promise, '' and make it easier for a good will, which be... May be inclined to do one 's purpose to do anything except will the good will ( moderation, )... Actions are moral if and only if they are … Immanuel Kant, Immanuel right year... Philosophers, tend to find this argument of Kant ’ s true purpose, which he ’ ll go later... Follow an internal command—one says to oneself, `` do this. will to function acts from inclination might because. Or happens to feel like it ) they ’ re done from duty or from a self-serving.! Case 2: suppose a shopkeeper does not commit suicide since unhappiness can a... Act but in the world words it ca n't be by chance that one 's control. who! That one does not overcharge his customers because he cares about them command someone to love... Hand, one can not, of course, foresee the future man 's motivation for not himself. Inclined this way philosophy was divided into three branches of knowledge attempts do! Supreme principle of morality to the dictate of duty we have no effect on the goodness of the good mere! Fortune, '' such as health or wealth, which can be said to be good either. ( no moral worth of the law man gives himself Hume, find... A desire their duty, rather than equating morality with happiness, then, ought make! Could easily be used for evil of what universalizing a maxim as `` the necessity of from. A youth, Kant acknowledges, this is an important distinction, because doing so could create problems.

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