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principles of flight lesson plan

Students will also be introduced to some of the aerospace pioneers that led the way to begin our [Figure 5-8], Learn more about the effects of interference drag, Skin friction drag is the aerodynamic resistance due to the contact of moving air with the surface of an aircraft, Every surface, no matter how apparently smooth, has a rough, ragged surface when viewed under a microscope, The air molecules, which come in direct contact with the surface of the wing, are virtually motionless, Each layer of molecules above the surface moves slightly faster until the molecules are moving at the velocity of the air moving around the aircraft, This speed is called the free-stream velocity, The area between the wing and the free-stream velocity level is about as wide as a playing card and is called the, At the top of the boundary layer, the molecules increase velocity and move at the same speed as the molecules outside the boundary layer, The actual speed at which the molecules move depends upon the shape of the wing, the viscosity (stickiness) of the air through which the wing or airfoil is moving, and its compressibility (how much it can be compacted), The airflow outside of the boundary layer reacts to the shape of the edge of the boundary layer just as it would to the physical surface of an object, The boundary layer gives any object an "effective" shape that is usually slightly different from the physical shape, The boundary layer may also separate from the body, thus creating an effective shape much different from the physical shape of the object, This change in the physical shape of the boundary layer causes a dramatic decrease in lift and an increase in drag, When this happens, the airfoil has stalled, In order to reduce the effect of skin friction drag, aircraft designers utilize flush mount rivets and remove any irregularities that may protrude above the wing surface, In addition, a smooth and glossy finish aids in transition of air across the surface of the wing, Since dirt on an aircraft disrupts the free flow of air and increases drag, keep the surfaces of an aircraft clean and waxed, Drag can be intentionally caused by speed brakes, spoilers, or dive brakes, Additionally, normal procedures such as lowering flaps can increase drag, Parasite drag increases as the square of the airspeed (V^2), Thus, in steady state, as airspeed decreases to near the stalling speed, the total drag becomes greater, due mainly to the exponential rise in induced drag. Associated Activities Fun with Bernoulli - This activity focuses on air pressure and Bernoulli's Principle. The CFI, or Flight Instructor Notebook, is an instructor's guide to navigating the sea of resources in order to provide useful guidance for their students and themselves. ///////////////////////////// As a result of this change, the velocity about the object changes in both magnitude and direction, in turn resulting in a measurable velocity force and direction, AOA is fundamental to understanding many aspects of airplane performance, stability, and control, AoA is the acute angle measured between the relative wind, or flight path and the chord of the airfoil [, Lift created (or reduced in the case of negative AoA) is measured with the, Every airplane has an angle of attack where maximum lift occurs (, The magnitude of the force of lift is directly proportional to the density of the air, the area of the wings, the airspeed, shape, and AoA, Total lift must overcome the total weight of the aircraft, which is comprised of the actual weight and the tail-down force used to control the aircraft's pitch attitude, While the biggest consideration for producing lift involves the air flowing over and under the wing, there is a third dimension to consider, Consider the tip of the airfoil also has an aerodynamic effect, In order to equalize pressure, the high pressure area on the bottom of an airfoil pushes around the tip to the low-pressure area on the top [, This action creates a rotating flow called a tip vortex, or wingtip vortices, This downwash extends back to the trailing edge of the airfoil, reducing lift for the affected portion of the airfoil, Manufacturers have developed different methods to counteract this action, Winglets can be added to the tip of an airfoil to reduce this flow (essentially decrease induced drag), The winglets act as a dam preventing the vortex from forming, Winglets can be on the top or bottom of the airfoil, Another method of countering the flow is to taper the airfoil tip, reducing the pressure differential and smoothing the airflow around the tip, Weight is simply the force of gravity on the aircraft which acts vertically through the, It is the combined load of the aircraft itself, the crew, the fuel, and the cargo or baggage, Weight varies based on load, passengers, and fuel, A Load is essentially the back pressure on the control stick required, the, Opposing lift, as an aircraft is descending, Weight has a definite relationship to lift, This relationship is simple, but important in understanding the aerodynamics of flying, Lift is the upward force on the wing acting perpendicular to the relative wind and perpendicular to the aircraft's lateral axis, Lift is required to counteract the aircraft's weight, In stabilized level flight, when the lift force is equal to the weight force, the aircraft is in a state of equilibrium and neither accelerates upward or downward, If lift becomes less than weight, the vertical speed will decrease, When lift is greater than weight, the vertical speed will increase, Thrust is the forward acting force that opposes drag and propels the airplane forward, It is through excesses or deficits of thrust that accelerations and decelerations can occur, The aircraft will continue to speed up/slow down until thrust again equals drag at which point the airspeed will stabilize, In powered aircraft, thrust is achieved through the powerplant, be it a propeller, rotor, or turbine, With a glider, thrust is created through the conversion of potential energy (altitude) to kinetic energy (airspeed) by pitching toward the ground, This law may be expressed by F = MA (Force equals Mass times Acceleration), for example, speeding up, slowing down, entering climbs or descents, and turning, Acts parallel to the center of thrust to overcome drag, F = MA, As a general rule, it is said to act parallel to the, Propeller & rotor driven aircraft are generally rated in horsepower, Turbine driven aircraft are generally rated in in pounds, Increasing engine power, increases thrust (now exceeding drag), thereby accelerating the aircraft, As long as the thrust continues to be greater than the drag, the aircraft continues to accelerate, When drag equals thrust, the aircraft flies at a constant airspeed, Engine power is reduced, lessoning thrust, thereby decelerating the aircraft, As long as the thrust is less than the drag, the aircraft continues to decelerate, To a point, as the aircraft slows down, the drag force will also decrease, The aircraft will continue to slow down until thrust again equals drag at which point the airspeed will stabilize, The pilot coordinates AOA and thrust in all speed regimes if the aircraft is to be held in level flight, Remember, (for a given airfoil shape) lift varies with the AOA and airspeed, Therefore, a large AOA at low airspeeds produces an equal amount of lift at high airspeeds with a low AOA. The lift would increase and the aircraft would climb as a result of the increased lift force or speed up. PREVIEW LESSON PLANS ... Each lesson plan has been designed to be used as a stand alone reference. However, gasses, like air, are also fluids. In this flight lesson, students construct a model plane and investigate the forces acting on the flier. Understand the flight controls (ailerons, elevator,rudder) and their aerodynamic principles. due to its shape and airflow around it, Turbulent wake caused by separation of airflow (burbling) created by the shape of the aircraft, When the air has to separate to move around a moving aircraft and its components, it eventually rejoins after passing the body, Newer aircraft are generally made with consideration to this by fairings along the fuselage so that turbulence and form drag is reduced [Figure 5-7], Generated by the collision of air-streams creating eddy currents, turbulence, or restrictions to smooth flow, The most interference drag is created when two surfaces meet at perpendicular angles, The drag of each item individually, added to that of the aircraft, are less than that of the two items when allowed to interfere with one another, If a jet fighter carries two identical wing tanks, the overall drag is greater than the sum of the individual tanks because both of these create and generate interference drag, Fairings and distance between lifting surfaces and external components (such as radar antennas hung from wings) reduce interference drag. The diagram is taken from the "Teacher'sGuide" to Flight: the Sky'sthe Limit, a 1975 Smithsonian Institution television film by 30 - Individual Lesson Plans Covering: Instrument Pilot & Certified Flight instructor-Instrument (CFI-I). In fact, many lifting airfoils do not have an upper surface longer than the bottom, as in the case of symmetrical airfoils. 2. 8 Views 22 Downloads These are seen in high-speed aircraft having symmetrical wings, or on symmetrical rotor blades for many helicopters whose upper and lower surfaces are identical. 4. The “bite” of the downward moving blade is greater than the “bite” of the upward moving blade. PRINCIPLES : Forces Acting on An Airplane: ... Each of the named of the airfoil is designed to perform a specific function in the flight of the airplane. In order to maintain its lift at a higher altitude, an aircraft must fly at a greater true airspeed for any given AOA. ), In un-accelerated, level flight, the four forces are in equilibrium, Equilibrium is defined as lift equaling down-force (weight+tail down force), and thrust equaling drag, but by changing these forces we can affect climbs, descents, and other maneuvers. This downwash over the top of the airfoil at the tip has the same effect as bending the lift vector rearward; therefore, the lift is slightly aft of perpendicular to the relative wind, creating a rearward lift component. Bernoulli’s Principle. Identify the features of rotary wing aircraft that enable flight and control. S-turns across a road 14. PPL Principles of Flight Exam. Note that the maximum lift/drag ratio (L/DMAX) occurs at one specific CL and AOA. Visit various web sites related to the History of Flight including the NASA UEET Kid Site. This Principles of Flight CFI Lesson Plan has come from Chapter Six of The Complete CFI Binder. Principles of Flight Chapter 4. Designed & Developed by IRIDIUM InteractiveIRIDIUM Interactive It is, in fact, the source of induced drag. Explore wing shapes and other factors affecting lift in How Wings Work, design and make your own Paper Airplane, take the Distance Challenge, and see the Forces of Flight in action. This lowered pressure is a component of total lift. Advancements in engineering have made it possible for today's high-speed jets to take advantage of the concave airfoil's high lift characteristics. Discuss stability and its effects on flight. This PowerPoint introduces the basics of flying & gliding physics along with the amazing Describe airfoils and flight 3. Students explore the principles of flight. An airplane's aerodynamic balance and controllability are governed by changes in the CP, The production of lift is much more complex than a simple differential pressure between upper and lower airfoil surfaces. Enrollment Prerequisites: Students enrolling in the CFI coursemust possess a commercial pilot certificate or an airline transportpilot certificate, with a helicopter category and class rating andhold a current third-class medical certificate. 3.4 Generic structure of a lesson plan 3.5 Assessing and evaluating lessons 4. Curricula. motion as they see how the work of Daniel Bernoulli and Sir Isaac Newton help explain flight. Acknowledgements Chapter 10: Lesson planning and classroom management 2 copyrightDate(); // Maneuverability: the capability of an aircraft to respond to the pilot’s control, especially with regard to flightpath and attitude. Suitable for grades 6-12. If the hand is inclined in one direction or another, the hand will move upward or downward. A third basic principle of flight is thrust, which in the case of an airplane is supplied by engine power. Understand the four forces of flight and the reasons behind why an airplane flies. Elements / Schedule: 1. principles of flight. Describe the theory of flight 2. Learn by doing! While in steady-state flight, the attitude, direction, and speed of the airplane will remain constant until one or more of the basic forces changes in magnitude. Objectives: The student should become familiar with the four forces and principles of flight, airfoil designs, stability, controllability, turning tendencies, airplane load factors, and wing tip vortices. PRIVATE PILOT LESSON PLANS: TABLE OF CONTENTS. , as in the lesson specification located in A-CR-CCP-803/PG-001, Chapter 4 of. Downwash you have more downwash you have, the more downwash you less... Easily and to withstand the stresses imposed by maneuvers this lesson, students learn how airplanes are Controlled use! 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