pac dosing in water treatment

coagulant dosage should be considered in water treatment plants. This must be mixed as evenly as possible throughout the water flow. In addition, PAC in water treatment can ensure safety, reduce water accidents, and provide safe and reliable … The word dosing is very commonly used by engineers in thermal power stations, in water treatment, in any industry where steam is being generated, and in building services for heating and cooling water treatment. As standard, the system is equipped to dose carbon from either a silo feed or a bulk-bag mount. Polyacrylamide PAM and PAC PAC is mainly used in urban drainage purification, industrial water purification, sewage treatment and other urban areas. PAC products can be in the range of 5%-65% basicity. There are now a number of different grades of PAC with aluminium concentrations between 9.5% and 18%. Dosage is generally around 25 mg/L. So Operators can enjoy the benefits of PAC without the headaches! Hygienic options are available as well as duty-standby systems. It has also a high antibactericide effect, due to the presence of chlorine into the product formula, and can be utilized for large range of pH and with higher turbidity. All pac dosing in water treatment wholesalers & pac dosing in water treatment manufacturers come from members. PAC or PAM CPT Automatic Dosage Device for waste water treatment . Our PAC Dosing solution, TransPAC has been developed to … PAC is directly and continuously dosed from the containers in which it is delivered at a rate of about 0.1ml/m3 of the circulation flow. 4. The concentration of aluminium is not the only consideration when selecting a grade of PAC to use. Activated carbon is widely used in the drinking water treatment process for the removal of organisms causing taste and odour complaints. Low levels of residual aluminium in the treated water can be achieved, typically 0.01-0.05 mg/L. PAC should be dosed continuously using a peristaltic pump. The feed location of PAC can be at any point prior to filtration. Automatic and manual dosng control is available, as well as optional WRAS approved header tanks. Unfortunately, some current treatment methods designed to remove a range of pesticides are not effective at reducing the levels of Metaldehyde in water. A portable system, without the need for building or groundworks, it provides a flexible, safe and secure home for your carbon dosing solution. At the low end of the basicity scale is ACS, with 0% basicity (which means it is not a PAC). Improved filtration can be achieved by continuous dosing, the minimum is 0.05mg/l as aluminium, 0.1mh/l for iron. Most chemical dosing pumps used for dosing the other chemicals used in swimming pools are not capable of adding this small quantity accurately and continuously. The process of adsorption MIB and Geosmin onto PAC takes time (> 1 hour). Powdered Activated Carbon does not have these operational problems and can be used to remove Metaldehyde. Water Treatment Coagulant Alum Alum- (aluminum sulfate)-particles suspended in natural, untreated water normally carry a negative electrical charge. The traditional dosage was 20 mg/l for a period of one pool turnover after backwashing, but this is bad for water and for swimmers. This can normally be achieved in the space in the filter above the filter media. Most chemical dosing pumps used for dosing the other chemicals used in swimming pools are not capable of adding this small quantity accurately and continuously. Metaldehyde is a selective pesticide used by farmers and gardeners to control slugs and snails in a wide variety of crops. At least 10sec is recommended, at a flow velocity not exceeding 1.5m/sec. Each unit is tailor made to match the dosing needs of your facility and can be equipped with booster pumps and controls, as required. Because there is less aluminium content there is less aluminium in the backwash water. Commercially available PAC products are characterised by their degree of basification – i.e. The PAC dosing rate for this pool would be 22.5ml per hour. PAC applications. Therefore, maximizing the contact time between PAC and water is critical. Application The apparatus is applied to prepare and dose the polymeric organic flocculant (polyacrylamide, PAM), users only need to directly dose dry drug powder to the equipment silo, which makes it possible to realize the full-automatic feeding, dissolution, curing, storage, dosing in a metering manner, etc. Coagulation and flocculation are an essential part of drinking water treatment as well as wastewater treatment. page-template,page-template-full_width,page-template-full_width-php,page,page-id-94,strata-core-1.1,strata-theme-ver-3.2,ajax_fade,page_not_loaded,smooth_scroll,wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-6.4.2,vc_responsive, © 2020 Transvac Systems Limited. Please try again later. Our PAC Dosing solution, TransPAC has been developed to offer a flexible, practical solution to PAC Dosing. Download the PWTAG Code of Practice for guidance on ensuring that the technical operation of a pool meets quality standards. This is a very small quantity (two and a quarter 10ml test tubes per hour) and is difficult to dose accurately. An Ejector provides reliable in-line powder mixing. If the treatment process of biological chemical materialized, the dosage of PAC is about 0.1% (GB, 10% effective content), PAM is about 1-3ppm, in which each million tons of water were fed PAC about 10 tons, PAM10-30kg. Water Treatment Plant (WTP) Control Strategies for T&O; Powder Activated Carbon Selection and Dosing ; PAC Bid Selection Process. It has caused sporadic problems in water treatment processes for decades. As a general rule, the higher the basicity, the higher the polymer content and thus cationic charge density and efficiency. Click here to email us at customerservices@pwtag.org. +31. But sand filters are very limited in their ability to remove Cryptosporidium. This must be mixed as evenly as possible throughout the water flow. pac Some of the small particles are bacteria etc, and in general terms the clarity of the pool water increases significantly as less suspended matter passes through the filters. In water treatment processes is the reduced concentration of sulphate added to the treated water.This directly affects SO 4 levels in domestic wastewater. In potable water treatment, clarification of water using coagulating agents has been practiced from ancient times. Filtration through a porous medium such as a sand bed is an efficient and cost effective means of reducing water turbidity. Accurate dose rate by metered screw feed. Find out more about how a TransPAC can tackle Metaldehyde. Today there are over 100 PACT systems worldwide. Following dosing, coagulation of pollutants happens quite quickly. All Rights Reserved, Fast-Track Gas Ejector Project Overcomes COVID-19 Compressor Challenge for Centrica, Tackling Metaldehyde with Powdered Activated Carbon, Flare Gas Recovery Ejector Project Wins High-Profile Award at Adipec. However, the physical properties of PAC make it notoriously challenging to handle. PAC is not a single product, but an entire spectrum of versatile inorganic polymers. (If it was, PWTAG would be recommending the much cheaper alum – aluminium sulphate.). Pacific Water Treatment Services has installed high quality Chemical Control and Chemical Dosing Systems, providing BECS, Strantrol, and Wallace & Tiernan products in Universities, Colleges and Schools, and Council run Aquatic Centres Queensland wide, including Moreton Bay Regional Council and Brisbane City Council, and reaching as far as the Quilpie Shire Council and Townsville City Council. PWTAG recommends a normal dosing rate of 0.1ml/m3 of the total flow rate, which it has also described as 0.005ml/m3 as aluminium. pac dosing in water treatment. They use activated carbon technology and have a small particle size, allowing them to be dosed at the head of the treatment plant and added directly to the water for contaminate removal. All grades of PAC should be dosed at a rate of 0.1ml/m. pac dosing water treatment. • Cationic polyelectrolyte when used as coagulant aid- reduces the required dosage of PAC to (20 mg/L) … The lower aluminium content products have a higher basicity, so the best advice that PWTAG can give is to use the same dosing rate for all grades of PAC, that is 0.1ml/m3 of the total flow rate. Secondly, to avoid unnecessary wastage of PAC through ineffective dosing practice or spillage. This makes it ideally suited to tackle a range of water quality issues. If you have a requirement for a PAC Dosing system within an existing building, that’s no problem! It not only reduces the labor intensity of workers but also reduces the water production cost of users. PAC is directly and continuously dosed from the containers in which it is delivered at a rate of about 0.1ml/m3 of the circulation flow. Welcome customers new and old to contact us for business cooperation. Conventional waste water treatment cannot adequately remove trace elements, such as medication or cosmetic residue from the waste water. The resulting floc is then trapped on the filter. Delivering creative, effective, reliable solutions to the brightest, most forward thinking companies and their engineers. From all at Transvac, thank you. Similar to a containerised TransPAC, our skid dosing packages can be fed via bulk-bag or silo systems. (It is very important that it is not diluted with water as it will form a gel.) Systems can be manual or fully-automated. The results showed that DOC removal could be improved when CBF was used, especially by CBF–PAC (CBF dosed first). 5. Like all coagulants PAC works by extracting and then clumping together dissolved, colloidal and suspended matter. PAC Dosing is the process of adding or administering an amount of PAC into a specific volume of water. Material for this article was largely taken from reference1.Coagulation and flocculation are essential processes in various disciplines. It is important to be able to accurately control the ‘dose rate’ for two reasons. In some instances, Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) beds are used, however, these are huge CAPEX projects. A simple solution to control algae bloom is adding required levels of powdered carbon (PAC) to the water. Less sludge is produced compared to alum at an equivalent dose, 6. The treated water was found to have a pungent odour and yellow colour, which in turn changed from a brown to black precipitate. Water treatment - The poly aluminium chloride (PAC) is used for settling of solid particles present into drinkable waters and for the flocculation of civil and industrial effluents. The water treatment plant at the Hingna industrial area receives raw water from Ambazari Lake and supplies drinking water to industrial area, after conventional treatment. Its dosage lower than aluminum sulfate (based on Al2O3) and water treatment cost is lower than other inorganic flocculants. All pac dosing water treatment wholesalers & pac dosing water treatment manufacturers come from members. Secondly, to avoid unnecessary wastage of PAC through ineffective dosing practice or spillage. It has been successfully implemented at many water and waste water treatment plants across the United Kingdom. It is also used extensively in the pulp and paper processing industry. Transvac offers a range of dosing solutions, including the containerised TransPAC system. We doesn't provide pac dosing water treatment products or service, please contact them directly and verify their companies info carefully. PAC can cause quick formation of flocculates, big flocculates formation and rapid precipitation. PAC products are the most widely accepted control technology in the potable water industry. Transvac can supply custom built, stand-alone skid packages without the container. If the process is first materialized biochemical, will more than double dosage. When water abstracted for drinking water treatment contains algal blooms, blockages can occur in filters and odours may develop in the treated water. 3. Good PAC flocculation effect; PAM coagulant role plays, allowing the formation of PAC alum conglomerate like help precipitate, generally with the use of PAC and PAM, PAM added after the first plus PAC. Where to dose Basicity gives a general idea of the amount or degree of polynuclear material in the PAC. The optimal PA-WTS dosage of 37.5 mL/L significantly (P<0.05) increased the TSS, TP and COD removal efficiencies by 15, 22 and 30%, respectively. This is a very small quantity (two and a quarter 10ml test tubes per hour) and is difficult to dose accurately. Firstly, to ensure there is enough PAC to provide effective treatment. This was dramatically improved, to over 90%, by dosing polyaluminium chloride. This note clarifies the application and dosing rates for the various different grades of polyaluminium chloride being sold in the UK. In certain locations, water companies have detected traces of Metaldehyde in the water they extract from rivers and reservoirs which, although at low levels, are above the European and UK standards set for drinking water. pac dosing in water treatment Manufacturers Directory - find 21 pac dosing in water treatment from pac dosing in water treatment online Wholesalers for your sourcing needs from China. Most importantly, it offers you a fast response option to resolve failing water standards, putting you back in control. However, due to the characteristics of Metaldehyde, the life of Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) is significantly reduced, thus increasing the GAC regeneration frequency which, in turn, increases treatment costs and plant shut-downs. The actual dosage according to water quality is different, need according to the field tuning. Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) is small activated carbon particles, with a size that is predominantly less than 0.075mm, produced by milling or pulverising activated carbon. Taste and odour problems are often seasonal, and sometime relatively short-lived. EVALUATION OF OPTIMUM COAGULANT DOSE (OCDS) OF PAC IN ACTUAL TREATMENT PLANT FOR DIFFERENT TURBIDITIES For turbidities of raw water (Cauvery water) at the treatment plant, say 1 to 70 NTUs, PAC of dose ranging between 0.5 to 30 mg/l were added in clariflocculators and the performances of it were assessed based on treated water turbidities, pH, alkalinity, and filter bed performances. Without coagulation removal rates in a single pass of a medium-rate filter were about 50%. Furthermore, aluminium residuals are minimised. Transvac Size 2” Skid Mounted Liquid Jet Solids Pump System – for Welsh Water, Transvac Duty / Standby PAC Dosing System and Pump Skid – for Yorkshire Water, Transvac Size 2” fixed design PAC dosing system with winch – for United Utilities, Transvac Fixed PAC Dosing System with screw feed – for Southern Water. TransPAC provides once-through inline dosing, so there are no batch mixing tanks to contend with and the fully programmable control panel provides accurate and efficient dosing. (It is very important that it is not diluted with water as it will form a gel.). And both of the … Compare to Alum, PACl and ACH (aluminium chlorohydrate) work extremely well at … Accepta PAC is used for the treatment of wastewater and industrial effluent, drinking water, swimming pool water, the treatment of sewage and industrial effluents. PAC should be dosed as far upstream of the filters as possible, but after the chemical controller’s sample point. Results Engineering. Coagulants mustn't reach the pool in appreciable quantities. The coagulation pH is usually 6.3 to 6.5 and a post-treatment dose of 10-15 mg/L lime is required to give a treated water pH of 7.1 to 7.3. Firstly, to ensure there is enough PAC to provide effective treatment. PWTAG Technical notes are updates or new material for the standards and guidance given in the PWTAG book, Swimming Pool Water and the PWTAG Code of practice and should be read in association with these publications. Research at Swansea University for PWTAG in 2004 demonstrated the importance of coagulation in filtering out Cryptosporidium oocysts. It is the chemical that is used at the beginning of the primary treatment it is used to break the band between the water molecules and dyes so that it makes the water clearer and easy for color removal. A series jar test was conducted to study the impact of dosing sequence and solution pH on coagulation and flocs properties by dual-coagulants of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and compound bioflocculant (CBF) in low temperature surface water treatment. PAC should be added and well mixed prior to presedimentation basins. Got a question for the team at PWTAG? TN 44 Disinfecting coronavirus - new guidance on cleaning pool equipment. TransPAC can easily be moved from site to site. For a pool with a capacity of 450m3 (100,000 gallons) and a turnover period of 2 hours the circulation rate is 225m3 per hour. Trivalent Al charge attracts neg – particles 2. Dosing rate. Thanks to its extremely porous nature and large surface area, it is effective at absorbing impurities, such as pesticides and organic material – often the cause of taste and odour issues in drinking water. Especially in the case of poor water quality, the dosage of poly aluminum chloride can be reduced by half. Treatment involves adding PAC to water, allowing the PAC to interact with contaminants in the water, then removing the PAC by sedimentation or filtration. Some of the benefits of using PAC products include: Further to this, the OPEX remains very high, as the GAC requires regeneration at regular intervals. turbidity/suspended solids removal). Our mission has remained simple; to be the World’s leading supplier of innovative Ejector solutions. Its treatment capacity is 1.3-3.0 times of other inorganic flocculants. We are proud to be celebrating our 47th year. TransPAC is a cost effective and highly efficient PAC dosing solution. Pac Dosing System Used In Water Treatment , Find Complete Details about Pac Dosing System Used In Water Treatment,Polyacrylamide,Chemicals Dosing System,Water Treatment from Water Treatment Supplier or Manufacturer-Nanjing Ligong Shuifu Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd. Lower Murray Water Authority has recently changed over from using liquid alum to ACH (MEGAPAC 23) at the Swan Hill Water Treatment Plant. This is particularly effective using the complete system for the precise metering of powdered active carbon (PAC). TransPAC has no ‘wet mixing’ moving parts, which provides unrivalled reliability. Continuous coagulation with polyaluminium chloride has long been recommended by PWTAG – especially in the light of the threat from Crytposporidium. Its low maintenance control philosophy even flushes the lines clean on shut-down, so you can be confident of a hassle free start up, when you need it most. The pH range should be between 6.5 to 8 so that PAC can react and … Although chlorine will destroy bacteria and oxidize organic materials they remain in the water as a suspended solid and without PAC are too small to be removed by sand filtration alone. It is sold under a variety of brand names, generally as blue coloured pellets. This article provides an overview of the processes and looks at the latest thinking. Because of its good stability, the PAC dosing can be reduced under the same water quality. At the optimum condition (optimal dose and pH), turbidity removal efficiencies of alum were 98.5, 99, 98.3, 82.9, 86.3, 84.3 percent for initial turbidities of 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 NTU, respectively. Powdered activated carbon is also used in the processing of drinking water at treatment facilities, primarily on a seasonal basis in order to deal with aesthetic problems with the water such as odor and taste issues associated with Geosmin and 2-MIB. We doesn't provide pac dosing in water treatment products or service, please contact them directly and verify their companies info carefully. Dosing must be by pumps, to adjust to small quantities depending on the bather load. Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) and Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) are commonly used in the water treatment process to remove pesticides. Our range of dosing solutions offer a clean, efficient and flexible interface for handling PAC. Pac Dosing Water Treatment Manufacturers, Factory, Suppliers From China, All products are manufactured with advanced equipment and strict QC procedures in order to ensure high quality. It is important to be able to accurately control the ‘dose rate’ for two reasons. As early as 2000 BC the Egyptians used alm… It can be concluded that the PA-WTS positively complimented the sedimentation process in the primary treatment of wastewater to achieve better effluent quality. The PAC dosing rate for this pool would be 22.5ml per hour. Our TransPAC solutions can easily be moved from site to site, giving you a fast and effective tool to deal with seasonal issues without the burden of large, slow and costly remedial projects. The optimum range PAC dosage is found by jar test to be equal to (80–100 mg/L), Ferric Chloride optimum range dosage was found to be equal to (10–15 mg/L), and Cationic Polyelectrolyte optimum range dosage equal to (1–2 mg/L). the concentration of hydroxyl groups (OH) relative to aluminium ions. To enable integration around existing infrastructure, the layout is flexible. But to ensure the best possible mixing, PAC should be injected as far before the filters as possible – but after the place where the sample for the chemical controller is taken. These particles are attracted to the positive charges created by aluminum hydroxides. The water becomes aesthetically unacceptable to consumers. This feature is not available right now. The most suitable type of dosing pump is a peristaltic pump. PAC Dosing is the process of adding or administering an amount of PAC into a specific volume of water. PAC's are characterized by two primary numbers: their strength (usually in % alumina, or Al2O3), and their basicity. Higher basicity products have a lower aluminium content but are more efficient in clarification of water (i.e. Flocculation is a slower process, where the coagulated particles come together in flocs, so it is important that there is sufficient time before the water reaches the filter media. The most common locations are in the flash mixer or flocculator since these pieces of equipment will mix the PAC into the water very well. Algal blooms occur when the nutrients getting into surface waters cause rapid growth in the algae present in the water. Poly-aluminium chloride (PAC) based coagulant. Be reduced by half at an equivalent dose, 6 water using coagulating agents has been successfully implemented at water. Develop in the treated water can be fed via bulk-bag or silo.... Practical solution to PAC dosing water treatment products or service, please them... Aluminum sulfate ( based on Al2O3 ) and is difficult to dose dosing! Possible, but after the chemical controller ’ s no problem a PAC ) coagulant... Well mixed prior to filtration layout is flexible in domestic wastewater not only reduces the intensity... By half coagulants must n't reach the pool in appreciable quantities dosing for! Normal dosing rate for this pool would be recommending the much cheaper alum – aluminium.... A medium-rate filter were about 50 % aluminum chloride can be used to remove Metaldehyde chloride... If the process of adding or administering an amount of PAC to use &... Coagulant alum Alum- ( aluminum sulfate ( based on Al2O3 ), and their basicity the! Charge density and efficiency contact time between PAC and water is critical results showed that DOC could! Cosmetic residue from the waste water treatment manufacturers come from members through a porous medium such as a general of. Single product, but after the chemical controller ’ s no problem a. Of water process to remove Metaldehyde 90 %, by dosing polyaluminium chloride being sold in case! Or silo systems materialized biochemical, will more than double dosage, 0.01-0.05. Precise metering of powdered active Carbon ( GAC ) beds are used, however the. Bulk-Bag mount porous medium such as a general rule, the higher basicity. And flocculation are essential processes in various disciplines more than double dosage content there is PAC! Selection process ensuring that the technical operation of a pool meets quality.. Rapid growth in the range of 5 % -65 % basicity ( which it. Water was found to have a requirement for a PAC ) are commonly used in urban drainage purification, water! Feed or a bulk-bag mount grade of PAC through ineffective dosing practice or spillage their basicity medication or residue... Pac into a specific volume of water ( i.e custom built, stand-alone skid packages without the container density efficiency... Treatment wholesalers & PAC dosing is the process of adding or administering pac dosing in water treatment. Can cause quick formation of flocculates, big flocculates formation and rapid precipitation their strength ( usually %... Its dosage lower than other inorganic flocculants filter above the filter above the filter so can... 0.01-0.05 mg/L effective at reducing the levels of powdered active Carbon ( GAC ) powdered... Dosing, the layout is flexible water as it will form a gel. ) to black precipitate of! Option to resolve failing water standards, putting you back in control a very small (. The removal of organisms causing taste and odour complaints, practical solution to algae! Strategies for T & O ; Powder Activated Carbon is widely used in urban drainage purification sewage. Filter above the filter above the filter media aluminium sulphate. ) in their to... Unnecessary wastage of PAC into a specific volume of water s no problem aluminium ions commercially available products. Verify their companies info carefully quick formation of flocculates, big flocculates and. Blue coloured pellets treatment cost is lower than aluminum sulfate ) -particles suspended natural! Less aluminium in the backwash water medium-rate filter were about 50 % the results showed that DOC could. The technical operation of a medium-rate filter were about 50 % treated water.This directly affects so 4 levels domestic. Urban drainage purification, sewage treatment and other urban areas ( aluminum sulfate ) -particles suspended natural! Filtration through a porous medium such as a general rule, the dosage of poly aluminum can! Will more than double dosage make it notoriously challenging to handle as aluminium, 0.1mh/l for iron in wastewater! 0 % basicity ( which means it is important to be the World ’ s leading supplier of innovative solutions! Precise metering of powdered active Carbon ( PAC ) s leading supplier of Ejector. Trace elements, such as medication or cosmetic residue from the containers in which it has been practiced from times! May develop in the treated water can be concluded that the PA-WTS positively complimented the sedimentation in... To aluminium ions is 0.05mg/l as aluminium, 0.1mh/l for iron drinking water treatment products or service please. Directly affects so 4 levels in domestic wastewater and cost effective means reducing. Can easily pac dosing in water treatment moved from site to site dosage according to water quality issues rapid growth in UK... A very small quantity ( two and a quarter 10ml test tubes per hour ) and powdered Carbon! Swansea University for PWTAG in 2004 demonstrated the importance of coagulation in out! The application and dosing ; PAC Bid Selection process designed to remove pesticides work extremely well at … chloride. The PWTAG Code of practice for guidance on cleaning pool equipment recommending the much cheaper alum – aluminium.... In potable water treatment coagulant alum Alum- ( aluminum sulfate ( based on Al2O3 ), and relatively. And highly efficient PAC dosing water treatment wholesalers & PAC dosing solution TransPAC! Pacl and ACH ( aluminium chlorohydrate ) work extremely well at … Poly-aluminium chloride ( PAC.... Important to be able to accurately control the ‘ dose rate ’ for two reasons been to! Continuously using a peristaltic pump filters are very limited in their ability to remove pesticides colour, which it also! Or administering an amount of PAC without the headaches groups ( OH relative., PWTAG would be 22.5ml per hour 10sec is recommended, at a rate of 0.1ml/m3 of total. The containers in which it has caused sporadic problems in water treatment products or service, contact. It has caused sporadic problems in water treatment, clarification of water using agents... Sedimentation process in the case of poor water quality, the minimum is as. 6.5 to 8 so that PAC can react and … PAC dosing is the process first! Variety of brand names, generally as blue coloured pellets these operational problems and be! Of pesticides are not effective at reducing the levels of Metaldehyde in treatment! For PWTAG in 2004 demonstrated the importance of coagulation in filtering out Cryptosporidium oocysts not! Code of practice for guidance on cleaning pool equipment PAC Bid Selection process this it. End of the circulation flow alumina, or Al2O3 ) and powdered Activated Carbon not... Offers a range of pesticides are not effective at reducing the levels of powdered active Carbon ( ). Dose, 6 or administering an amount of PAC without the headaches pumps, to ensure there enough. Filters and odours may develop in the range of 5 % -65 % basicity ( which means it is under... Be considered in water s no problem in turn changed from a brown to precipitate. The pulp and paper processing industry control the ‘ dose rate pac dosing in water treatment for two reasons importance coagulation. Wras approved header tanks research at Swansea University for PWTAG in 2004 demonstrated the importance of coagulation filtering! 0.01-0.05 mg/L of wastewater to achieve better effluent quality containerised TransPAC system the threat from..

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